Narration means the action or process of narrating a sentence, passage or story. যে কোনো ভাষার মতই English Language এ কোন Message, Speech, Comments বা Request প্রভৃতিকে দুই-ভাবে ব্যক্ত করা হয়। Direct Speech -এ ও Indirect Speech –এ যাকে আমরা ইংরেজীতে Narration Change বলি।
John says to me, “I shall go to Kolkata.”
উপরোক্ত বাক্যে John এর কথাটি কোন পরিবর্তন না করে Inverted Comma (‘) – এর মধ্যে রেখে ব্যক্ত করা হয়েছে। তাই এটি Direct Speech.
- When a speech is quoted in the actual words used by the speaker, it is called the Direct Narration.
যে উক্তিতে বক্তার কথা অবিকল ব্যক্ত করা থাকে , তাকে Direct Narration বলে।
- John tells me that he will go to Kolkata.
উপরোক্ত বাক্যে John এর কথাটি পরিবর্তন করে নিজের মতো ব্যক্ত করা হয়েছে। তাই এটি Indirect Speech. এক্ষেত্রে Inverted comma টি তুলে দিতে হয়।
- When the speech is reported in the form of a narrative giving the substance or meaning of the words used by the speaker,without quoting his actual words, it is called the indirect speech.
যখন কোনো বক্তার কথা নিজের ভাষায় বলা হয় তখন তাকে Indirect speech বলে।
| Speaker | Reporting verb | Direct speech |
| John | said | “I am ill” |
| He | said | “I do it” |
- John says to me, “I shall go to Kolkata.”
উপরোক্ত বাক্যে John এর কথাটি কোন পরিবর্তন না করে Inverted Comma (‘) – এর মধ্যে রেখে ব্যক্ত করা হয়েছে। তাই এটি Direct Speech.
- When a speech is quoted in the actual words used by the speaker, it is called the Direct Narration.
যে উক্তিতে বক্তার কথা অবিকল ব্যক্ত করা থাকে , তাকে Direct Narration বলে।
- John tells me that he will go to Kolkata.
উপরোক্ত বাক্যে John এর কথাটি পরিবর্তন করে নিজের মতো ব্যক্ত করা হয়েছে। তাই এটি Indirect Speech. এক্ষেত্রে Inverted comma টি তুলে দিতে হয়।
- When the speech is reported in the form of a narrative giving the substance or meaning of the words used by the speaker,without quoting his actual words, it is called the indirect speech.
যখন কোনো বক্তার কথা নিজের ভাষায় বলা হয় তখন তাকে Indirect speech বলে।
| Speaker | Reporting verb | Direct speech |
| John | said | “I am ill” |
| He | said | “I do it” |
| Reporter | Reporting verb | Linker | Reported speech |
| John | said | that | he was ill |
| He | said | that | he did it |
| Rules to Change From Direct to Indirect speech in Assertive sentence: |
| 1. Direct speech –কে Indirect speech অর্থাৎ Reported speech – এ পরিণত করতে হলে, সর্বপ্রথম Reporting verb টিকে দেখতে হবে- অর্থাৎ Reporting Verb টি Present-এ, না Past এ, না Future এর কী form –এ আছে। অর্থাৎ Reporting verb টির রূপ – says/will say/have said/said to এর মধ্যে কোনটিতে আছে তা দেখে Tense এর রূপ নির্ণয় করতে হবে। 2.তারপর দেখতে হবে Direct Speech টি- অর্থাৎ Inverted Comma –র মধ্যে অবস্থিত Sentence –টি Present/Past/Future-এর মধ্যে কোন Tense এ আছে তা বুঝে নিয়ে নিচের নিয়ম মেনে Narration Change করতে হবে। 3. Indirect করার সময় Inverted Commas কে সরিয়ে দিয়ে Conjunction ‘that’ অথবা ‘if, to’ প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করতে হবে। |
| 4. Reporting Verb টি Past হলে, Reported speech টি ও Past Tense এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়। |
| John said to me “ I shall go to Kolkata.” | John told me that he would go to Kolkata. |
| Mita said to me “ you are my Friend”. | Mita told me that I was her friend. |
| 5. Reporting Verb টি Past হলে এবং Direct Speech টিও যদি Past হয়, তবে তার পরিবর্তন নিম্নরূপ। |
| Reporting verb | Direct speech | Indirect speech |
|---|---|---|
| Past Tense | Past Indefinite Tense | Past Perfect Tense |
| Past Tense | Past Continuous Tense | Past Perfect Continuous Tense |
| John said to me “I did it.” ( Past tense) | John told me that he had done it. | |
| He said to me “I was playing cricket”. (Past tense) | He told me that he had been playing cricket. |
| Reported Speech –এ Pronoun –এর পরিবর্তন নিম্নরূপ। 1st person (I/We) – Reporting verb এর subject এর অনুসারে। Example:– John said to me “I know him.” (Direct) =>> John told me that he knew him. (Indirect) লক্ষ্য করো যে, Direct Speech –এর ‘You’ (2nd Person) এর পরিবর্তন হয়েছে Reporting Verb (said to) -এর Subject অনুসারে (John)। 2nd Person (You)– Reporting verb এর object এর অনুসারে। Example:- John said to me “You help me much.” (Direct) = John told me that ‘I helped him much.’ (Indirect) L লক্ষ্য করো যে, Direct speech এর ‘You’ (2nd person) –এর পরিবর্তন হয়েছে Reporting verb (said to ) –এর object (me) অনুসারে।3rd Person (He/She/They/Bikram/Azmira) – No change. Example: – John said to me “Mita is a good student”. (Direct) = John told me that Mita was a good student. (Indirect) |
| * Proper Noun সর্বদাই অপরিবর্তিত থাকলেও Case -এর নিয়ম অনুসারে Possessive Adjective (His, her, their, our, your, my) এর পরিবর্তন করতে হয়। Example: John said to me “Mohan is my brother.” è John told me that Mohan was his brother. Merry said to me “Mohan is my brother.” è Merry told me that Mohan was her brother. Reporting Verb যদি Past tense এ থাকে, তবে Indirect Speech করার সময় Reported Speech এর কিছু Adjective, Verb বা Adverb অর্থাৎ সময় ও স্থান বাচক কিছু শব্দের নিম্নলিখিত ভাবে পরিবর্তন করতে হবে। |
| DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH |
|---|---|
| He said, “I Know this Boy”. | He said that he knew that boy. |
| Ram said to me, “Come here”. | Ram told me to go there. |
| Ram said to me, “I will work tomorrow”. | Ram told me that he would work the next day |
| Ram said, “I have done it today”. | Ram said that he had done it that day. |
| It never changes into ‘that’ in indirect speeches. | Ram said “ I have done it. > Ram said that he had done it. |
কিন্তু Reporting Verb টি যদি Present এ, বা একই স্থানে (same place) হলে; অর্থাৎ, বক্তার সামনে উপস্থিত থাকলে Adverb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন-
| DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH |
|---|---|
| Ram says, “We can never be happy here.” | Ram says that they can never be happy here. |
| He says to me, “I have no friend here.” | He tells me that he has no friend here. |
| VII) Reporting Verb এর পরিবর্তন নিম্নরূপঃ |
| Say > say, says > says, will say > will say. may say > may say কিন্তু Says to > tells,. said > said. কিন্তু said to > told হয়। |
| VIII) যদি Direct speech টি Universal Truth (চিরন্তন সত্য) বা Habitual Fact হলে। Reported Speech এ Tense এর কোন রূপ পরিবর্তন হয় না। |
| DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH |
|---|---|
| The Teacher said to students, “The earth is round.” | The teacher told the students that the earth is round. |
| He said, “Honesty is the best policy. | He said that honesty is the best policy. |
| He said, “God is good.” | He said that God is good. |
| আবার কোনো Historical Fact এর ক্ষেত্রেও Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। | আবার কোনো Historical Fact এর ক্ষেত্রেও Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। |
| He said, “India becames free on 15th August 1947. | He said that India becames free on 15th august 1947. |
| Reporting Verb Past (Said/Said to) হলে Tense এর পরিবর্তন নিম্নরূপঃ |
| Reporting Verb | Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|---|---|---|
| Past (said/said to) | Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite |
| Past (said/said to) | Universal Truth/Regular Habit | Remain Unchanged (the same) |
| Past (said/said to) | Present Continuous | Past Continuous. |
| Past (said/said to) | Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Past (said/said to) | Past Indefinite | Past Perfect |
| Past (said/said to) | Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Past (said/said to) | Past Perfect | Remain Unchanged (the same) |
| Past (said/said to) | Shall/will | Should/would |
| Past (said/said to) | Can/ May (Modals) | Could/Might (Modals) |
| Sourav said to me, “I have been playing cricket from…” | Sourav told me that he had been playing cricket from… |
| He said to me, “I walk for pleasure” | He told me that he walked for pleasure. |
| John said to Merry “I write a poem for you” | John told Merry that he wrote a poem for her. |
| John said to Merry – “I wrote a letter” | John told Merry that he had written a letter. |
| John said to Merry – “you will write a poem for me” | John told Merry that she would write a poem for him. |
| John said to his mother, “ I am cooking for you” | John told his mother that he was cooking for her. |
| Mother said to John, “ I was cooking for you” | Mother told John that she had been cooking for him. |
| Mohan said to Meera, “ I have done this for you” | Mohan told Meera that he had done that for her. |
| Mohan said to Meera, “You had done this for me” | Mohan told Meera that she had done that for him. |
| Mohan said to Meera, “ It may rain tomorrow” | Mohan told Meera that it might rain the next day. |
| He said, “I must go” | He said (stressed/confirmed) that he must (had to) go. |
Interrogative Sentence
| Assertive Sentence এর মতই Interrogative Sentence এর Narration Change করতে হয়, তবে নিম্নলিখিত ক্ষেত্রে পরিবর্তন লক্ষ করা যায়: |
| Reporting verb:- tell/told এর পরিবর্তে ask/asked বা enquired of /wanted to know প্রভৃতি প্রয়োগ করতে হয়। says>asks, said to>asked/enquired of/ wanted to know. Interrogative Sentence টি যদি Auxiliary Verb (do, does, did, am, is ,are, was, were, can, could, may, should, etc) দিয়ে শুরু হলে linker হিসাবে ifবা whether ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Interrogative Sentence টি যদি Wh word দিয়ে আরম্ভ হলে, সেই Wh word টিই (who, when, whom, whose, how, what etc) linker হিসাবে ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Linker ব্যাবহারের পর Interrogative Sentence এর Form/Structure টি Assertive Sentence এর Structure/Form এ পরিনত করতে হয়। অর্থাৎ Linker (If/Wh-Word)+Sub+V+Other.Do/does/did-Indefinite Tense এ প্রশ্ন করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়, তাই Indirect Speech এ Do Verb টি তুলে দিতে হয়। |
| DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH |
|---|---|
| Ram said to me, “Do you play cricket?” | Ram asked (Enquired of) me if (Whether) I played cricket. (do) |
| Raju says to Gopal, “Do you play football?” | Raju asks Gopal if he plays football.(-do) |
| Ram Said, “Will you go to station?” | Ram asked if I would go to station. |
| Mita said to Gita, “Did you go to his house?” | Mita asked Gita if she had gone to his house. (-did) |
| Sita said to Ram, “May I ask you a question?” | Sita asked Ram if she might ask him a question. |
| Students asked the teacher, “Is there any negative marking?” | Students asked the teacher if there was any negative marking. |
| Sita said to Ram, “How do you kill Ravana?” | Sita asked Ram how he killed Ravana. (-do) |
| Mita said to Arun, “Why did you break my pen?” | Mita asked Arun why he had broken her pen. (-did) |
| Koyel said to Jeet , “When will you marry me?” | Koyel asked jeet when he would marry her. |
| I told my friend, “Why are you not playing cricket?” | I enquired of my friend why he was not playing cricket. |
| Note: how old, how long, how for etc একসঙ্গে ব্যাবহৃত হয়। |
| দুটি মন্তব্যের মধ্যে Alternative বা Choice বের করতে হলে whether ব্যাবহার করা ভালো।যদি ‘If’ Clause দিয়ে Complex Sentense করা হয় সেক্ষেত্রে whether ব্যবহৃত হয়। |
| Mita said to Ashok, “Will you take tea or Coffee?” | Mita asked Ashok whether he would take tea or coffee. |
| Ram said to gita, “If it rains, will you go there?” | Ram asked Gita whether she would go there if it rained. |
| “Do you want to insure your luggage or not?”, he asked | He asked whether or not I wanted to ensure my Luggage. OR, He asked if I wanted to insure my luggage or not. |
| আমরা জানি যে, Present ও Present Indefinite Tense -এ do/does/did –এ Question তৈরির জন্য প্রয়োগ করা হয়। তাই Indirect Speech -এ Linker + Sub. + V2 (বা প্রয়োজনীয় Verb) ব্যবহার করে do/does/did কে তুলে দিতে হয়। |
| John said to Marry, “I am fine”. | John told Marry that she was fine. |
| John said to Marry, “Are you fine?” | John asked Marry if she was fine. |
| John said to Marry, “How are you?” | John asked Marry how she was. |
| John said to Marry, “I write a letter for you”. | John told Marry that he wrote a letter for her. |
| John said to Marry, “I do not write a letter for you”. | John told Marry that he did not write a letter for her. |
| John said to Marry, “Do you write this for me?” | John asked Marry if she wrote that for him. |
| John said to Marry, “What do you write?” | John asked Marry what she wrote. |
| John said to me, “Do you eat rice?” | John asked me if I ate rice. |
| John said “Marry plays cricket”. | John said that Marry played cricket. |
| John said “Does Marry play cricket?” | John asked if Marry played cricket. |
| John said to him “When does Marry play cricket?” | John asked him when Marry played cricket. |
| John said to me “Where do you go?” | John asked me where I went. |
| John said to me “How does the moon look?” | John asked me how the moon looked. |
| John said “Who are you?” | John asked who I/he was. |
| The man asked “Where do you live?” | The man asked Where I lived. |
| He asked “What do you want?” | He asked what I wanted. |
| The teacher asked “Why are you so late?” | The teacher asked why I/he was so late. |
| John said to Marry “I was fine”. | John told Marry that he had been fine. |
| John said to Marry “were you fine?” | John asked Marry if she had been fine. |
| John said to Marry “How were you?” | John asked Marry how she had been. |
| John said to Marry “I wrote a letter for you”. | John asked Marry that he had written a letter for her. |
| John said to Marry “I did not write a letter for you”. | John asked Marry that he had not written a letter for her. |
| John said to Marry “Did you write a letter for me?” | John asked Marry if she has written a letter for him. |
| John asked Marry “What did you write?” | John asked Marry what she had written. |
| He asked me “Did you eat rice?” | He asked me if I had eaten rice. |
| They asked me “Did you play cricket?” | They asked me if I had played cricket. |
| Bikram said to him, “Did you go there?” | Bikram asked him if he had gone there. |
| Azad said me “Where did you go?” | Azad asked me where I had gone. |
| The old man asked him, “How did you play?” | The old man asked him how he had played. |
| She said to me, “Did you write to me before?” | She asked me if I had written to her before. |
| He asked the man “Why did you kill the dog?” | He asked the man why he had dilled the dog. |
| He said “What was the matter?” | She asked what the matter had been. |
| John said to me, “I am going to market”. | John told me that he was going to market. |
| John said to him, “Are you going to market?” | John asked him if he was going to market. |
| John asked him, “Where were you going?” | John asked him where he was going. |
| John asked him, “Where are you going?” | John asked him where he had been going. |
| John said to Mira, “I have done this”. | John told Mira that he had done that. |
| John said to Mira, “Have you done this?” | John asked Mira if she had done that. |
| John asked Mira, “When have you done this?” | John asked Mira when she had done that. |
| John asked Mira, “Why have you done this? | John asked Mira why she had done that. |
| John asked Mira “Can I do this?” | John asked Mira if he could do that. |
| John asked Mira, “How can you do this?” | John asked Mira how she could do that. |
| He asked “shall I try it?” | He asked if he should try it. |
| The boy said “May I come in?” | The boy asked if he might/could come in. |
| I said “Did you have tea?” | I asked him if he had had tea. |
| Imperative Sentence |
| Imperative Sentences এর Narration করতে হলে Direct Speech এর অর্থ বুঝে নিম্নলিখত Reporting verb ব্যবহার করতে হয়; আদেশ বুঝতে > Order বা Command (ask); অনুরোধ বোঝাতে > request বা beg. উপদেশ বোঝাতে > advise, পরামর্শ বোঝাতে > suggest; প্রস্তাব বোঝাতে > propose; আবার ‘না’ বাচক বা নিষেধ করতে forbid বা prohibit ব্যবহৃত হয়। অর্থাৎ বাক্যের অর্থ অনুসারে, requested/ordered/commanded/begged/advised/suggested/proposed/instructed/informed/told/forbade/ prohibited ব্যাবহার করতে হয়।Linker হিসাবে ‘to’ (infinitive) ব্যাবহার করা হয়।Request, order command etc থেকে কোনটি হবে, তা বুঝতে না পারলে ‘tell / told’:Reporting Verb হিসাবে ব্যবহার করতে হয়। Negative sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে to এর পূর্বে ‘not’ ব্যবহৃতহয়; অন্যথায় forbid, prohibit ইত্যাদি ব্যাবহার করলে ‘not’ তুলে দিতে হয় অর্থাৎ ‘not’ Reported Speech এ ব্যবহৃত হয় না।Reported Speech টি Please বা Kindly দিয়ে আরম্ভ হলে, Reporting Verb:- requested /begged হবে এবং please বা kindly কে বাদ দিতে হবে। যেমনঃJohn said to Merry, “Please Lend me your pen.”=>John requested Merry to lend him her pen. |
| DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH |
| I. Raju said to me, “Go home at once” | Raju ordered (told)/advised me to go home at once. |
| II. I said to him, “Please explain the topic once again.” | I requested him to explain the topic once again. |
| III. The teacher says to the students, “Read this lesson carefully.” | The teacher asks (orders/advises) the students to read this lesson carefully. |
| IV. My father told me “switch off the TV at once.” | My father ordered me to switch off the TV at once. |
| V.I said to him, “Excuse me, Sir” | I begged him to excuse me. |
| VI.He said to me, “Do not go there.” | He ordered (advised/told) me not to go there. |
| He forbade(Prohibited) me to go there | |
| VII. The teacher said to the students, “Do not make a noise.” | The teacher ordered the students not to make a noise. |
| The teacher prohibited the students to make a noise. |
| Note: যদি Direct Speech টি Let (Let us/let’s) দিয়ে আরম্ভ হয়; এবং এই Let দ্বারা যদি কোন Proposal বা Suggestion বোঝায়; তাহলে Reporting Verb টি propose বা suggest হয়। তাছাড়া Imperative Form টি Assertive এ পরিণত করতে হয় অর্থাৎ Linker হিসাবে that ব্যবহৃত হয়। এবং Let’s এর পরিবর্তে Should প্রয়োগ করতে হয়। He said to me, “Let us go to cinema.” He proposed/suggested that we should go to Cinema. Ram said to his friends, “Let us have a picnic on Sunday.” Ram proposed his friends that they should have a picnic on Sunday. Mita said to his companions, “Let us not miss the Chance.” Mita proposed/suggested his companions that they should not miss the chance. |
| NOTE: যদি Let দ্বারা Proposal না বোঝায়, তবে let কে Might বা ‘Might be allowed to’ বা অনুরুপ from এ পরিনত করতে হয়। এ ক্ষেত্রে Direct Speech টি let me/Let him দিয়ে আরম্ভ হয়। He said, “Let me come in” He requested that he might be allowed to come in. Ram said, “Let me have some Milk.” Ram wished that he might be allowed to have some milk. |
| Reporting Verb => Requested/ suggested/ told/ wished/ said/ urged etc. |
| Optative Sentence |
| এক্ষেত্রে Reporting Verb says/ said to এর পরিবর্তে prayed/wished/blessed/cursed ব্যবহৃত হয়।Linker হিসাবে that ব্যবহৃত হয়।Indirect Speech এ Optative Form টি Assertive from এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। অর্থাৎ, Linker + Sub + V + Other. |
| DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH |
| a. He said to me, “May you be happy” | He wished/prayed that I might be happy. |
| b. He said, “May his soul rest in peace.” | He wished that his soul might rest in peace. |
| c. The old man said to me, “May you live long.” | The old man wished me a long life. |
| The old man wished me that I might live long. | |
| d. He said, “Oh! had I the wings of a dove.” | He wished that he could have the wings of a dove. |
| e. They said, “Long live Netaji”. | They prayed that Netaji Might live long. |
| f. He said, “I wish I were a Millionaire.” | He wished that he had been a Millionaire. |
| g. The irritated passenger said to the driver, “Go to hell” | The irritated passenger cursed the driver that he might go to hell. |
| Exclamatory Sentence |
| 1. Exclamatory Sentence অর্থাৎ বিস্ময় সূচক বাক্য বুঝালে Indirect Speech করার সময় Reporting Verb – say বা said to এর পরিবর্তে অর্থ বুঝে নিম্নলিখিত Reporting Verb ব্যবহৃত হয়। দুঃখ বোঝাতে: Exclaim/ Exclaimed in grief/sorrow/regret আনন্দ বোঝাতে: shout with delight, বা Exclaimed in joy আবার হতবম্ব বোঝাতে: exclaimed in wonder, আবার বাহাদুরী বোঝাতে: Applauded, করুনা বোঝাতে: With Sympathy প্রভৃতি ব্যাবহার করা হয়। 2. এ ক্ষেত্রে Exclamatory Word(Hurray/Alas!) তুলে দিয়ে ‘that’ -Linker হিসাবে ব্যাবহার করতে হয় এবং Exclamatory Sentence টি Assertive Sentence এ Convert করতে হয়। Linker + S + V + Other. |
| He said to me, “Hurray! we have won the match”. | He exclaimed in joy that they had won the match. |
| Ram said, “Alas! Sehwag is out.” | Ram exclaimed with sorrow that Sehwag was out. |
| He said to me, “Alas! I could not save you.” | He exclaimed in grief that he could not save me. |
| # Exclamatory Sentence টি যদি What বা How দিয়ে আরম্ভ হয়, তাহলে very (খুবই) too (অত্যাধিক), great (দারুন), বা Very Much প্রভৃতি Adjective বা Adverb ব্যাবহার করে, What এবং How কে তুলে দিতে হয় এবং Linker হিসাবে that ব্যবহার করতে হয়। অর্থাৎ, Linker + Sub + V + Other. |
| He said, “What a beautiful scene it is!” | He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful scene. |
| The boy said, “what a fool I am!” | The boy exclaimed(cried out) that he was a great fool. |
| He said. “How poor he was in English” | He exclaimed that he had been too poor in English. |
| Special |
| Rule A.অভিবাদন সূচক বাক্যে bid বা wish অথবা greet – Reporting Verb ব্যবহৃত হয় অর্থাৎ Reporting Verb টি bade/wished/ greeted হয়। |
| Ram said to Anil, “Good Morning! I am glad to meet you.” | Ram bade (wished) Anil good morning and said that he was glad to meet him. |
| He said, “Congratulations” | He congratulated me. |
| He said, “Good Bye.” | He bade me good bye. |
| He said to me, “Happy Birthday.” | He greeted me happy birthday. |
| He said, “Hello”. | He greeted me. |
| Rule B. Direct Speech এ কোন শ্রদ্ধামুলক সম্বোধন যেমনঃ- Sir, Madam, My Lord, Friend, Gentleman, প্রভৃতি যদি থাকে, তবে তা তুলে দিলে সাধারন নিয়ম মেনে Reported Speech করলেই ভালো তবে Politely, courageously, joyfully, eagerly, promptly, lovely, প্রভৃতি Adverb প্রয়োজন অনুসারে ব্যাবহার করতে পারলে ভালো হয় (তবে address as “……” -যা থাকবে তাও লিখতে পারি)। |
| Rule C. Direct Speech এ কোন Informal (খারাপ) সম্বোধন যেমন idiot, stupid, rascal (Darling) প্রভৃতি থাকলে, indirect speech করার সময় reporting verb এর পূর্বে called/ calling verb ব্যাবহার করতে হয়। |
| Rule D. ‘Yes/No’ -Question এর ক্ষেত্রে Appropriate Auxiliary Verb ব্যবহার করতে হয়। যেমনঃ do/does/did. তবে admitted, agreed, denied, disagreed, ও ব্যবহার করলে চলে। |
| Ram said, “Do you like it?” sita said “yes”. | Ram asked sita if she liked it and she said that she did. |
| Mita said, “Have you taken my pen? Raju said, ‘No’ | Mita asked if Raju had taken her pen, Raju denied. |
| Rule E. বাগধারা/ লোকোক্তি ইত্যাদি তে Tense এর পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন- |
| The teacher said, “Empty vessel Sounds much.” | The teacher said that empty vessel sounds much. |
| Rule F.Direct speech এ যদি must, would, could, should, ought to, প্রভৃতি থাকে। তবে সেগুলিকে বুদ্ধি দিয়ে advised, requested, urged, warned, should –এ রুপান্তর করতে হয়। নচেৎ তাদের অপরিবর্তনীয় অবস্থায় ছেড়ে দিতে হয়। তবে warned ব্যবহার করলে ‘not to’ব্যবহার হয় আবার against ব্যবহার করলে verb টির‘ing form’ব্যবহৃত হয়। |
| He said to me, “you must leave the place soon”. | He told me that I must leave the place soon. |
| He said, “I must do it” | He said that he must do it. |
| I said to her, “Would you help me to do the sum.” | I requested her to help me to do the sum. |
| Father said, “You ought not to trust a man who is a habitual liar.” | Father warned me against trusting a man who was habitual liar. |
| He said to me, “You should read the questions carefully before answering them.” | He urged me to read the questions carefully before answering them. |
Read More :-SHORT IMPERATIVE SENTENCES